Os aços inoxidáveis duplex e superduplex possuem uma microestrutura austeno-ferrítica com fração média de cada fase de cerca 50%. A microestrutura duplex é responsável pelas excelentes propriedades mecânicas, especialmente o limite de escoamento e a tenacidade, e pela elevada resistência a corrosão por pites e sob tensão em meios contendo cloretos. A soldagem destes aços é frequentemente uma operação crítica. Neste trabalho, um tubo de superduplex SAF 2207 foi soldado pelo processo TIG (GTAW) no passe de raiz e eletrodo revestido (SMAW) nos passes de enchimento, e um tubo de duplex SAF 2205 foi todo soldado pelo processo GTAW. A microestrutura do metal base, zona afetada termicamente (ZTA) e metal de solda foi caracterizada e quantificada. As propriedades de tenacidade, resistência a corrosão e composição química foram avaliadas e correlacionadas. Os valores de tenacidade ao impacto Charpy-V foram considerados adequados. Não foi observada a precipitação de intermetálicos, carbonetos e nitretos. O melhor resultado no teste de corrosão da junta soldada de aço inox superduplex, comparado ao duplex, foi atribuído ao baixo teor de ferrita delta na solda e ZTA, e composição química da solda enriquecida em Cr, Mo, W e N.

The duplex and superduplex stainless steels have an austenitic-ferritic microstructure with an average fraction of each phase of approximately 50%. This duplex microstructure is responsible for the excellent mechanical properties, specially the yield strength and toughness, and for the improved pitting and stress corrosion cracking resistance in chloride environments. Welding of these steels is often a critical operation. In this work, a superduplex stainless steel SAF 2507 pipe was welded by the GTAW process in the root pass and by SMAW process on filler passes, and one pipe of duplex SAF 2205 was entirely welded by the GTAW process. The microstructure of the base metal, heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal was characterized and quantified. Toughness and corrosion resistance and chemical composition were evaluated and correlated. The results of impact Charpy-V tests were considered adequate. Precipitation of intermetallics, carbides and nitrides has not been observed. The best corrosion resistance results presented by the superduplex stainless steel welded joint, compared to the duplex steel, was attributed to the lower delta ferrite content in the weld metal and HAZ, and the weld metal chemical composition enriched in Cr, Mo, W and N.

Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação de juntas soldadas com suporte cerâmico de cordierita produzido em laboratorio. Foi utilizada a técnica de soldagem unilateral em chapas de aço A-36 com espessuras de 6,4 e 15,8 mm pelo processo MIG-MAG. Com a chapa de 6,4 mm foi avalliado apenas o passe de raiz sobre o suporte cerâmico. Com a chapa de 15,8 mm foi produzida uma junta soldada em passes múltiplos. Após soldagem as juntas soldadas foram submetidas a ensaios de inspeção visual, liquido penetrante, macrografia, microdureza Vickers, microscopia ótica, ensaios de dobramento e de tração e análise química por EDS. Os resultados mostram que o passe de raiz, realizado sobre o suporte cerâmico, apresentou bom acabamento, isento de descontinuidades, com penetração adequada nas laterais do chanfro e reforço de solda apropriado. Em relação à junta soldada, a microestrutura da zona fundida (ZF) obteve predominância de ferrita primária, em suas formas de ferrita de contorno de grão e poligonal, e ferrita com segunda fase alinhada. A microdureza Vickers obteve valores médios abaixo de 180 HV tanto na zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) como na ZF. Os ensaios de dobramento não apresentaram descontinuidades maiores que 3 mm e nos ensaios de tração a ruptura ocorreu no metal base, indicando que o procedimento de soldagem foi adequado. A composição das inclusões tanto do passe de raiz como do ultimo passe de solda possuem os mesmos constituintes, apesar de proporções diferentes, indicando que não houve contaminação do material do suporte cerâmico no cordão de solda.

This work presents the evaluation of welded joints using ceramic backing made in the laboratory. The one-sided welding technique was used to weld A-36 steel plate with 6,4 and 15,8 mm thick by the GMAW process. With the 6,4 mm steel plate, only the root bead welded over the ceramic backing was evaluated. With the 15,8 mm steel plate, a multipass welded joint was made. After welding, the welded joints were submitted to visual inspection, dye penetrant, macrograph, Vickers micro hardness, optical microscopy, bending and tensile testing and chemical analysis by EDS. The results show that the root pass made over the ceramic backing, presented adequate good shape, free from discontinuities, with adequate penetration in the edges of the groove and adequate reinforcement. Concerning the welded joint, the microstructure of the fusion zone presented predominance of primary ferrite, consisting of grain boundary ferrite and polygonal ferrite, and ferrite with aligned second phase. The Vickers micro hardness obtained mean values below 180 HV both in the heat affected zone and the fusion zone. Bending tests did not show discontinuities greater than 3 mm and in the tensile tests the rupture occurred in the base metal, indicating that the welding procedure was adequate. The chemical composition of the inclusions both in the root pass as in the last weld bead have the same constituents, despite different proportions, indicating that there was not contamination of the ceramic backing material into the weld bead.

Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação de juntas soldadas com suporte cerâmico de cordierita produzido em laboratorio. Foi utilizada a técnica de soldagem unilateral em chapas de aço A-36 com espessuras de 6,4 e 15,8 mm pelo processo MIG-MAG. Com a chapa de 6,4 mm foi avalliado apenas o passe de raiz sobre o suporte cerâmico. Com a chapa de 15,8 mm foi produzida uma junta soldada em passes múltiplos. Após soldagem as juntas soldadas foram submetidas a ensaios de inspeção visual, liquido penetrante, macrografia, microdureza Vickers, microscopia ótica, ensaios de dobramento e de tração e análise química por EDS. Os resultados mostram que o passe de raiz, realizado sobre o suporte cerâmico, apresentou bom acabamento, isento de descontinuidades, com penetração adequada nas laterais do chanfro e reforço de solda apropriado. Em relação à junta soldada, a microestrutura da zona fundida (ZF) obteve predominância de ferrita primária, em suas formas de ferrita de contorno de grão e poligonal, e ferrita com segunda fase alinhada. A microdureza Vickers obteve valores médios abaixo de 180 HV tanto na zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) como na ZF. Os ensaios de dobramento não apresentaram descontinuidades maiores que 3 mm e nos ensaios de tração a ruptura ocorreu no metal base, indicando que o procedimento de soldagem foi adequado. A composição das inclusões tanto do passe de raiz como do ultimo passe de solda possuem os mesmos constituintes, apesar de proporções diferentes, indicando que não houve contaminação do material do suporte cerâmico no cordão de solda.

This work presents the evaluation of welded joints using ceramic backing made in the laboratory. The one-sided welding technique was used to weld A-36 steel plate with 6,4 and 15,8 mm thick by the GMAW process. With the 6,4 mm steel plate, only the root bead welded over the ceramic backing was evaluated. With the 15,8 mm steel plate, a multipass welded joint was made. After welding, the welded joints were submitted to visual inspection, dye penetrant, macrograph, Vickers micro hardness, optical microscopy, bending and tensile testing and chemical analysis by EDS. The results show that the root pass made over the ceramic backing, presented adequate good shape, free from discontinuities, with adequate penetration in the edges of the groove and adequate reinforcement. Concerning the welded joint, the microstructure of the fusion zone presented predominance of primary ferrite, consisting of grain boundary ferrite and polygonal ferrite, and ferrite with aligned second phase. The Vickers micro hardness obtained mean values below 180 HV both in the heat affected zone and the fusion zone. Bending tests did not show discontinuities greater than 3 mm and in the tensile tests the rupture occurred in the base metal, indicating that the welding procedure was adequate. The chemical composition of the inclusions both in the root pass as in the last weld bead have the same constituents, despite different proportions, indicating that there was not contamination of the ceramic backing material into the weld bead.

The synthesis mechanism associated with the formation of carbonado type polycrystalline diamond has been analyzed. This analysis was performed by computer simulation of the field of temperature developed at the moment of graphite transformation into polycrystalline diamond. It was found that during the synthesis of this carbonado diamond, a strong non-steady thermal condition occurs, leading to changes in the thermodynamic equilibrium. As a consequence, a region comprising non-transformed graphite and carbonado with different characteristics is established. An experimental comparison was carried out between the carbonado hardness profile and the field of temperatures. The results show that the higher the temperature attained at local points inside the high-pressure chamber, the higher the hardness of the diamond. The simulation and experimental results indicated that concurrent mechanisms are acting during the carbonado synthesis.

Cu-Nb microcomposites are attractive in magnet pulsed field technology applications due to their anomalous mechanism of mechanical strength and high electrical conductivity. In this sense, recently it was conceived the use of Cu 15% vol. Nb wires to operate as a high tensile strength cable for a diamond cutting tool (diamond wires) for marble and granite slabbing. The multifilamentary Cu 15% vol. Nb composite was obtained using a new processing route, starting with niobium bars bundled into copper tubes, without arc melting. Cold working techniques, such as swaging and wire drawing, combined with heat treatments such as sintering and annealing, and tube restacking were employed. The tensile property of the composite was measured as a function of the niobium filaments dimensions and morphology into the copper matrix, in the several processing steps. An ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 960 MPa was obtained for an areal reduction (R = Ao/A, with Ao-initial cross section area, and A-final cross section area) of 4x10(8) X, in which the niobium filaments reached thickness less than 20 nm. The anomalous mechanical strength increase is attributed to the fact that the niobium filaments acts as a barrier to copper dislocations.